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【資料】自己図式

自己図式(セルフ・スキーマ)について

 

Self-schema

The term self-schema refers to a long lasting and stable set of memories that summarize a person’s beliefs, experiences and generalizations about the self, in specific behavioral domains. A person may have a self-schema based on any aspect of himself or herself as a person, including physical characteristics, personality traits and interests, as long as they consider that aspect of their self important to their own self-definition.

For example, someone will have an extroverted self-schema if they think of themselves as extroverted and also believe that their extroversion is central to who they are. Their self-schema for extroversion may include general self-categorizations (“I am sociable.”), beliefs about how they would act in certain situations (“At a party I would talk to lots of people”) and also memories of specific past events (“On my first day at university I made lots of new friends”).

 

 

自己図式という用語は、具体的な行動領域において、自身についての個人の信念、経験および一般化を要する永続的で安定した記憶の集合に言及するものです。個人は、彼らが彼ら自身の定義にとって重要な彼ら自身の側面を考慮する間、身体的な特徴、性格的な特徴および興味を含めて人としての彼あるいは彼女自身のいずれの側面に基づいても自己図式を持つとされています。
例えば、あるものが彼ら自身を外向的なものとして考えている、もしくは彼らの外向性が彼らの本質であるものと信じているとしたならば、彼らは外向的な自己図式を持っているだろう。彼らの自己図式は、「私は社交的である」といった一般的な自己区分、彼らの「パーティーでは私は多くの人々と話をするつもりだ」といった、ある状況においての行動するだろう方法についての信念、また「私は大学での初日に沢山の新しい友達を作った」といった特別な過去の出来事の記憶、そういったものを含んでいるであろう外向性によるものです。


General


The term schematic describes having a particular schema for a particular dimension. For instance, a person in a rock band at night would have a "rocker" schema. However, during the day, if he works as a salesperson, he would have a "salesperson" schema during that period of time. Schemas vary according to cultural background [1] and other environmental factors.[2]

Once people have developed a schema about themselves, there is a strong tendency for that schema to be maintained by a bias in what they attend to, in what they remember, and in what they are prepared to accept as true about themselves.[citation needed] In other words, the self-schema becomes self-perpetuating. The self-schema is then stored in long-term memory, which both facilitates and biases the processing of personally relevant information.[3] Individuals who form a self-schema of a person with good exercise habits will then in return exercise more frequently.[4]

The term aschematic means not having a schema for a particular dimension. This usually occurs when people are not involved with or concerned about a certain attribute. For example, if a person plans on being a musician, a self-schema in aeronautics will not apply to him; he is aschematic on aeronautics.

Self-schemas vary from person to person because each individual has very different social and cultural life experiences. A few examples of self-schemas are: exciting or dull; quiet or loud; healthy or sickly; athletic or nonathletic; lazy or active; and geek or jock. If a person has a schema for "geek or jock," for example, he might think of himself as a bit of a computer geek and would possess a lot of information about that trait. Because of this, he would probably interpret many situations based on relevance to his being a computer geek.

Another person with the "healthy or sickly" schema might consider themselves a very health conscious person. Their concern with being healthy would then affect everyday decisions such as what groceries they buy, what restaurants they frequent, or how often they exercise. Women who are schematic on appearance exhibited lower body image, lower self-esteem, and more negative mood than did those who are aschematic on appearance.[5]

 

Childhood creation


Early in life, we are exposed to the idea of the self from our parents and other figures. We begin to take on a very basic self-schema, which is mostly limited to a "good child" or "bad child" schema—that is, we see ourselves in unambiguously positive or negative terms.[citation needed] It is in childhood that we begin to offer explanations for our actions, which reasoning creates the more complicated concept of the self: a child will begin to believe that the self caused his or her behaviors, deciding on what motivations to offer as explanations of behavior.[6]

 

Multiple


Most people have multiple self-schemas, however this is not the same as multiple personalities in the pathological sense. Indeed, for the most part, multiple self-schemas are extremely useful to people in daily life. Subconsciously, they help people make rapid decisions and behave efficiently and appropriately in different situations and with different people. Multiple self-schemas guide what people attend to and how people interpret and use incoming information. They also activate specific cognitive, verbal, and behavioral action sequences – called scripts and action plans in cognitive psychology – that help people meet goals efficiently.

 

The body


The self's relationship with and understanding of the body is an important part of self-schema. Body schema is a general term that has multiple definitions in various disciplines. Generally, it refers to a person's concept of his or her own body, where it is in space, what it looks like, how it is functioning, etc.[7]

Within psychology, an essential question that guides our understanding of the body-mind relationship is, should the mind be seen strictly as a subset of the body or vice versa? In other words, the mind is sometimes simplified to the brain; the brain is physical, and therefore the mind is purely physical. On the other hand, the body is sometimes simplified to be a creation of the mind: We do not actually access our body, only our mind's interpretation (perception) of the sensations we receive, and therefore our bodies are mental creations.[8] Psychologists are not unified around one answer to this question.

Our body image is part of our self-schema. The body image includes the following:[9]

The perceptual experience of the body
The conceptual experience of the body—what we have been told and believe about our body, including scientific information, hearsay, myth, etc.
The emotional attitude towards the body
Our body schemata may transcend the realities of what our bodies actually are—or in other words, we may have a different mental picture of our bodies than what they physically are. This is evidenced when individuals who lose limbs have phantom limb sensations.[10] Individuals who lose a limb may still feel like they have that limb. They may even feel in that limb sensations from other limbs.

 

Sexual schema


Over the years, the emphasis on sex as a mean of predicting the emergence of neurosis has shifted to finding the developmental influence that sex has on personality. This new focus is on the balance between the capacity for sexual pleasure and the establishment of intimate relationships. The assumption here is that to the extent that an individual uses sexuality, one’s sexual nature will be experienced as more or less central to one’s identity.

Schemas can be viewed as a cognitive framework that organizes the relationship between external social stimuli and one’s behavioral reactions. Thus, there are cognitive representations of the self that become active within specific contexts. Sexual schema is defined as a cognitive generalization about the sexual aspects of the self. This view is derived from past experience, manifested in current experience, influential in the processing of sexually relevant social information, and gives guidance for sexual behavior.[11] Women and men experience sexual self-schema in their own ways.

Women’s sexual schema is composed of two positive aspects: the romantic-passionate and the open-direct self-views, and one negative aspect: embarrassment or conservative self-view. Women with a positive sexual schema tend to view themselves as: emotionally romantic or passionate, open to romantic and sexual relationships and experiences, liberal in their sexual attitudes and free of social inhibitions, evaluate sexual behavior more positively, more likely to engage in uncommitted sex and (one-night) sexual encounters, and more likely to anticipate more sexual partners in the future. Although they might seem very unrestricted, they also are more likely to have romantic ties or partners, and more likely to value romantic, loving, intimate attachments. On the other hand, women with negative sexual self-schema tend to view themselves as emotionally cold and unromantic, behaviorally inhibited in their sexual and romantic relationships, very conservative, and not confident in a variety of social and sexual contexts.[12]

Men’s sexual schema can be described along a spectrum from being schematic to aschematic. Schematic men tend to view themselves as powerful and aggressive, open minded and liberal in their sexual attitudes, unquestionably more sexually experienced, and they tend to have a high frequency of sexual relationships, a lot of which occurs without any commitment. In the same way as a woman with a positive sexual schema, these men are capable of feeling romantic love and passion. They are more likely to be in a relationship and to fall in love. Being single is usually just a temporary occurrence. On the other hand, aschematic men have a narrower range of sexual activities, they are most likely to be single, and the majority believes that situation will not change in the near future.[13]

Both men and women believe that a sexual person is someone who is sexual, but who can also display romantic, passionate, arousable, and loving qualities in order to establish intimate relationships.

 

Effect of illness


Individuals afflicted with both physical and mental illness have more negative self-schemata. This has been documented in patients suffering from such illnesses as depression and irritable bowel syndrome. Sufferers tend to identify themselves with their illness, unconsciously associating the negative traits of the illness itself with themselves.

 

See also


Identity (social science)
Outline of self
Self-image
Self-perception theory